Bedtime Reading
There are literally hundreds of peer-reviewed studies showing how important the Big 4 is for our physical and mental health. If you fancy a spot of homework to find out more about the benefits of these micronutrients please see a selection of study references below.
References
- Institute of Medicine (1997) Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK109825/
- Altura B. M., Altura B. T. (2007) Magnesium: Forgotten Mineral in Cardiovascular Biology and Therogenesis. In: International Magnesium Symposium. New Perspectives in Magnesium Research. London: Springer-Verlag; 239-260.
- World Health Organization (2009) Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking Water: Public health significance. Geneva: World Health Organization Press http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/publication_9789241563550/en/
- Pao E. M., Mickle S. J. (1981) Problem nutrients in the United States. Food Technology. v35:58-79.
- King D. E. et al. (2005) Dietary magnesium and C-reactive protein levels. Journal Of The American College Of Nutrition. Jun v24(3):166-71 http://www.anaboliclabs.com/User/Document/Articles/Magnesium/5.%20King,%20MAGnesium,%202005.pdf
- Bohn T. (2008) Dietary Factors Influencing Magnesium Absorption in Humans. Current Nutrition & Food Science. v4(1):53-72. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233603748_Dietary_Factors_Influencing_Magnesium_Absorption_in_Humans
- McCarthy J., Kumar R. (1999) Divalent Cation Metabolism: Magnesium. In: Schrier R, series editor. Atlas of Diseases of the Kidney. Volume 1. Wiley-Blackwell 4.1-4.12.
- Seelig M., Rosanoff A. (2003) The Magnesium Factor. Avery, New York.
- Dean C. (2007) The Magnesium Miracle. Ballantine Books, New York.
- Lieberman S., Bruning N. (2007) The Real Vitamin & Mineral Book. Avery, New York
- Chouinard G. et al. (1990) A pilot study of magnesium aspartate hydrochloride (Magnesiocard®) as a mood stabilizer for rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder patients. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry v14(2):171-180. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0278584690900993
- Heiden A. et al. (1999) Treatment of severe mania with intravenous magnesium sulphate as a supplementary therapy. Psychiatry research Dec v89(3):239-246. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10708270
- Birch E. E. et al. (2000) A randomized controlled trial of early dietary supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and mental development in term infants. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. Mar v42(3):174-181 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10755457
- Glomset J. A. (2006) Role of docosahexaenoic acid in neuronal plasma membranes. Sci STKE. v321 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16467193
- Litman B. J. et al. (2001) The role of docosahexaenoic acid containing phospholipids in modulating G protein-coupled signaling pathways : visual transduction. Mol. Neurosci. v16(2-3):237-242 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11478379
- O’Brien J. S., Sampson L. (1965) Fatty acid and fatty aldehyde composition of the major brain lipids in normal human gray matter, white matter, and myelin. Lipid Res. v6:545-551. http://www.jlr.org/content/6/4/545.short
- Salem N. Jr et al. (2001) Mechanism of action of docosahexaenoic acid in the nervous system. v36(9):945-959. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11724467
- SanGiovanni J. P., Chew E. Y. (2005) The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. v24(1):87-138. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350946204000527
- Stilwell W., Wassall S. R. (2003) Docosahexaenoic acid: membrane properties of a unique fatty acid. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. v126(1):1-27. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009308403001014
- Svennerholm L. (1968) Distribution and fatty acid composition of phosphoglycerides in normal human brain. Lipid Res. Sep v9(5):570-579. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4302302
- Youdin K. A. et al. (2000) Essential fatty acids and the brain: possible health implications. J. Neurosci. Jul-Aug v18(4-5):383-399. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10817922
- Clayton E. H. et al. (2009) Reduced mania and depression in juvenile bipolar disorder associated with long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation. Eur J Clin Nutr Jan v63(8):1037-1040. http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v63/n8/full/ejcn200881a.html
- Ross B. M., Maxwell R., Glen I. (2010) Increased breath ethane levels in medicated patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are unrelated to erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acid abundance. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry Mar v35(2):446-53
- Osher Y., Bersudsky Y., Belmaker R. H. (2005) Omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid in bipolar depression: report of a small open-label study. J Clin Psychiatry Jun v66(6):726-729. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15960565
- Noaghiul S., Hibbeln J. R. (2003) Cross-National Comparisons of Seafood Consumption and Rates of Bipolar Disorders. Am J Psychiatry Dec v160(12):2222-2227. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14638594
- Behzadi A. H. et al. (2009) Folic acid efficacy as an alternative drug added to sodium calproate in the treatment of acute phase of mania in bipolar disorder: a double blind randomized controlled trail Acta Psychiatr Scand Dec v120(6):441-445 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19392814
- Dias V. V. et al. (2009) Serum homocysteine levels and cognitive functioning in euthymic bipolar patients. J Affect Disord v113(3):285-290. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18579214
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- Reynolds E. H. (1968) Mental effects of anticonvulsants, and folic acid metabolism. v91(2):197–214. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/17463993_Mental_Effects_of_Anticonvulsants_and_Folic_Acid_Metabolism
- Botez M. I., Reynolds E. H., editor (1979) Folic acid in neurology, psychiatry and internal medicine. Raven, New York
- Reynolds E. H. (2002) Benefits and risks of folic acid to the nervous system. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. v72(5):567–571. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11397409_Benefits_and_risks_of_folic_acid_to_the_nervous_system
- Shorvon S. D. et al. (1980) The neuropsychiatry of megaloblastic anaemia. Br Med J v281:1036–1042. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1714413/
- Clarke R. et al. (1998) Folate, vitamin B12, and serum total homocysteine levels in confirmed Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. v55(11):1449–1455. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9823829
- Selhub J. et al. (2000) B vitamins, homocysteine and neuro cognitive function in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr. v71(suppl):S614–S620. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/71/2/614s.long
- Snowdon D. A. et al. (2000) Serum folate and the severity of atrophy of the neocortex in Alzheimer disease: findings from the nun study. Am J Clin Nutr. v71(4):993–998. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731508
- Seshadri S. et al. (2002) Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. v346(7):476–483. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11844848
- Botez M. I. et al. (1977) Folate-responsive neurological and mental disorders: report of 16 cases. Eur Neurol. v16(1-6):230–246. http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/114904
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- Carney M. W. P. et al. (1990) Red cell folate concentrations in psychiatric patients. J Affect Disord. v19(3):207–213. http://www.jad-journal.com/article/0165-0327(90)90093-N/pdf
- Reynolds E. H. et al. (1970) Folate deficiency in depressive illness. Br J Psychiatry. v117(538):287–292. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51271413_Folate_deficiency_in_depressive_illness
- Bottiglieri T. et al. (2000) Homocysteine, folate, methylation and monoamine metabolism in depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. v69(2):228–232. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10896698
- Coppen A., Chaudhry S., Swade C. (1986) Folic acid enhances lithium prophylaxis. J Affect Disord. v10(1):9–13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2939126
- Coppen A., Bailey J. (2000) Enhancement of the antidepressant action of fluoxitine by folic acid: a randomised, placebo controlled trial. J Affect Disord. v60(2):121–130. http://www.jad-journal.com/article/S0165-0327(00)00153-1/abstract
- Godfrey P. S. A. et al. (1990) Enhancement of recovery from psychiatric illness by methyl folate. v336(8712):392–395. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1974941
- Bottiglieri T., Reynolds E. H., Laundy M. (2000) Folate in CSF and age. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. v69(4):562. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12148074_Folate_in_CSF_and_age
- Wang H-X. et al. (2001) Vitamin B12 and folate in relation to the development of Alzheimer’s disease. v56(9):1188–1194. http://www.neurology.org/content/56/9/1188.1.abstract
- Passeri M. et al. (1993) Oral 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in senile organic mental disorders with depression: results of a double-blind multicenter study. Aging Clin Exp Res. v5(1):63–71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8257478
- Goodwin J. S., Goodwin J. M., Garry P. J. (1983) Association between nutritional status and cognitive functioning in a healthy elderly population. v249(21):2917–2921. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=386944
- La Rue A. et al. (1997) Nutritional status and cognitive functioning in a normally aging sample: a six year reassessment. Am J Clin Nutr. v65(1):20–29. http://intl-ajcn.nutrition.org/content/65/1/20.abstract
- Riggs K. M. et al. (1996) Relations of vitamin B12, vitamin B6, folate and homocysteine to cognitive performance in the normative aging study. Am J Clin Nutr. v63(3):306–314. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/63/3/306.short?related-urls=yes&legid=ajcn;63/3/306
- Wahlin T. B. R. et al. (2001) The influence of serum vitamin B12 and folate status on cognitive functioning in very old age. Biol Psychol. v56(3):247–265. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051101000795
- Reynolds E. H., Carney M. W. P., Toone B. K. (1984) Methylation and mood. V2(8396):196–198. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6146753
- Bottiglieri T. et al. (1990) Cerebrospinal fluid S-adenosylmethionine in depression and dementia: effects of treatment with parenteral and oral S-adenosyl methionine. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. v53(12):1096–1098. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC488323/
- Goggans F. (1984) A case of mania secondary to vitamin B12 deficiency. Am J Psychiatry Feb v141(2):300-301. http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/ajp.141.2.300
- Fafouti M. et al. (2002) Mood disorder with mixed features due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiency General hospital psychiatry Mar-Apr v24(2):106-109. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163834301001815
- Demirhan O., Tastemir D., Sertdemir Y. (2009) The expression of folate sensitive fragile sites in patients with bipolar disorder. Yonsei Med J Feb v50(1):137-141 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2649857/
- McNamara R. K. (2010) DHA Deficiency and Prefrontal Cortex Neuropathology in Recurrent Affective Disorders. The Journal of Nutrition Apr v140(4):864-868. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838627/
- Hamazaki K., Choi K. H., Kim H-Y. (2010) Phospholipid profile in the postmortem hippocampus of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: No changes in docosahexaenoic acid species. Journal of Psychiatric Research v44(11):688-693. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20056243
- Prabhakar K. R. et al. (2003) Decreased antioxidant enzymes and membrane essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in schizophrenic and bipolar mood disorder patients. Psychiatry research v121(2):109-122. http://www.psy-journal.com/article/S0165-1781(03)00220-8/abstract
- Porter Phillips J. G. (1910) The Treatment of Melancholia by the Lactic Acid Bacillus. The British Journal of Psychiatry Jul v56(234):422-NP http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/56/234/422.short
- Steenbergen L. et al. (2015) A randomised controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood. Brain, Behaviour and Immunity Aug v48:258–264 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159115000884
- Ventek Rao A. et al. (2009) A randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled study of a probiotic in emotional symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome Gut Pathogens v1(6) http://gutpathogens.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1757-4749-1-6
- Bested A. C. et al. (2013) Intestinal microbiota, probiotics and mental health. Gut Pathogens v5(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3601973/.
- Selhub E. M. (2014) Fermented foods, microbiota, and mental health. Journal of Physiological Anthropology v33(1) 2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3904694/
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